Medical Treatment Therapy for Viral Encephalitis

a. General Therapy:
1 Bed rest total.
2 When the estimated infection due to enteroviruses personal hygiene should be observed.
3 Headache and high heat necessary to handle the administration of antipyretics to be given acetaminophen / paracetamol.

Clinical Manifestations of Viral Encephalitis

      Encephalitis can be a part of systemic diseases such as varicella or measles, by itself is the first manifestation of disease symptoms initially. If the encephalitis is not a part of a systemic viral disease, it is likely to be found complaints that precedes neurological syndrome include headache, weakness or malaise, myalgia, complaints of upper respiratory tract disorders and fever.

Pathophysiology of Viral Encephalitis

Pathophysiology of Viral Encephalitis
Viral infection of the central nervous system can be in several ways:
1 Invasion directly through anatomical barrier.
a. Scalp, skull and dura mater forming an effective barrier against infection directly from the surrounding environment. Infection with the direct path is usually due to trauma or surgery wounds.
2. axonal transport by neurons of the peripheral.
a. Neurons can be road traffic from and to the "Cell Body" and antegrade and retrograde transport systems, such as rapid retrograde transport an average of 200-300 mm / day, for example, the herpes simplex virus and varicella zozter are transported of replication in skin and mucosa by sensory fibers to the dorsal nerve roots.
3 The entrance of respiratory tract pass through the olfactory epithelium.
a. How to enter the organism in the olfactory mucosa through the apical process of nerve cell receptors that stand out on the edge of the epithelium as "olfactory rads", so that the particle is placed on the olfactory mucosa can be taken by pinocytic vesicles and transported to the olfactory bulb.
4 Infection through blood vessels pass through the capillary endothelium or epithelial plexus choroideus.

Etiology of Viral Encephalitis

Various Etiology of Viral Encephalitis:
a. Epidemic Viral infection :
1. Group enteroviruses, = poliomyelitis, coxsackie virus, ECHO virus.
2. Group Arbo virus, = equire western encephalitis, St. louis encephalitis, Eastern equireencephalitis, Japanese B encephalitis, Murray valley encephalitis
b. Sporadic Viral infections : rabies, herpes zoster, lymphogranuloma, mumps, limphotic, choriomeningitis and other types that are considered caused by a virus but it is not yet clear.
c. Post-infection encephalitis, post morbili, post-varicella, rubella post, post-vaccinia, pascamononucleosis, infectious and other types of respiratory tract infections that follow are not specific.

Viral Encephalitis

Definition of Viral Encephalitis

       In normal circumstances, the Central Nervous System (CNS) are well protected against attack from organisms that can cause inflammation, and inflammation in the CNS is the most unusual complication of an infection acquired daily. One of the CNS inflammation is encephalitis, which is inflammation of the brain (Encephalon). Viral Encephalitis is the inflammation of encephalon which  cause is a virus. Encephalitis caused by a viral infection causing parenchymal damage varying from mild to very severe.

Tuberculosis Meningitis Medical Treatment and Therapy

      Tuberculosis Meningitis Medical Treatment and Therapy by three different components: administration of anti TB drugs, modulating the immune response and management or increased intracranial pressure treatment and therapy. Here are the guidelines and anti-TB drug delivery dosage for infant and children both first-line and second-line.

Diagnosis of Tuberculous Meningitis

      Diagnosis or suspected TB meningitis symptoms and signs of meningitis requires that accompanied the drive to clinical tuberculous infection and the results of X-ray photograph and cerebrospinal fluid showed infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Tuberculous meningitis can occur through two stages.

Tuberculous Meningitis

         Tuberculous meningitis is an inflammation of the lining of the brain or meninges caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Tuberculous meningitis is the result of hematogenous spread of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and limfogen of primary infection in the lung.

Treatment and Therapy for Viral Meningitis

      The most therapies for viral meningitis are supportive. Rest, rehydration, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory or pain medication may be given if required, the most important decision is either provide initial antimicrobial therapy for bacterial meningitis in the meantime, while waiting for the main cause can be identified.

Diagnosis of Viral Meningitis

A. Laboratory Studies
1. Hematology and chemistry tests should be performed

2. Examination of CSF is an important examination in the examination of the causes of meningitis. CT scans should be performed in cases related to abnormal neurological signs to exclude intracranial lesions or obstructive hydrocephalus before lumbar puncture (LP). CSF culture remains the criterion standard examination piogen of bacterial or aseptic meningitis. Again, patients who handled the majority of bacterial meningitis can occur with gram-negative staining and then the resulting aseptic. The following is a characteristic CSF is used to support the diagnosis of viral meningitis:

Clinical Manifestations of Viral Meningitis

History
• Most patients reported fever, headache, iritabilitasm nausea, vomiting, stiff neck, or fatigue within 18-36 hours earlier.

• Headache is almost always there and often reported with severe intensity.

• other constitutional symptoms are vomiting, diarrhea, cough and myalgia that arise in 50% of patients.

Pathophysiology of Viral Meningitis

         How can virus causing meningitis? this is explain about Pathophysiology of Viral Meningitis. Viral pathogens can reach the CNS access through 2 main pathways: hematogenous or neural. Hematogenous is the most common pathway of viral pathogens known. Penetration neural shows the distribution along the nerve and is usually limited to the herpes viruses (HSV-1, HSV-2, and varicella zoster virus [VZV] B virus), and the possibility of some enteroviruses.

Viral Meningitis

Meningitis

Aseptic meningitis is a general term that indicates non-pyogenic cellular responses induced by agents of different etiologies. Patients usually show acute meningeal symptoms, fever, CSF pleocytosis dominated by lymphocytes. After several laboratory tests, obtained the causes of aseptic meningitis is mostly derived from the virus, including enterovirus and Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV).

Clinical Symptoms of Meningitis

Meningitis is characterized by symptoms such as sudden high fever, lethargy, vomiting and seizures. The diagnosis is confirmed by examination of cerebrospinal fluid (CSS) via lumbar puncture.

Pathophysiology of Tuberculous Meningitis

       Tuberculous meningitis usually appear as the spread of primary tuberculosis. Usually there is a primary focus of infection in the lungs, but can also be found in the abdomen (22.8 %), neck lymph nodes (2.1 %), with no evidence of primary focus (1.2 %). From the primary focus, the Mycobacteria enter the blood circulation via the thoracic duct and regional lymph nodes, and can cause severe infections such as miliary tuberculosis or just cause some focus metastases are usually quiet.

Pathophysiology of Meningitis

         Meningitis is generally as a result of the spread of disease in the organ or other body tissues. Viral / bacterial hematogenous spread to lining of the brain, for example in disease pharyngitis, tonsillitis, pneumonia, Bronchopneumonia and endocarditis. The spread of bacteria / viruses can also be continuitatum of inflammation of the organ or tissue that is near the lining of the brain, eg, brain abscess, otitis media, mastoiditis, cavernous sinus thrombosis and Sinusitis. The spread of germs can also occur as a result of head trauma with fracture open brain surgery or complications. Invasion of germs into space Subarachnoid cause an inflammatory reaction in the pia mater and the arachnoid, CSS (liquid Cerebrospinal) and the ventricle system.

Meningitis

 What is Meningitis?

        Meningitis is an inflammation of the meninges (brain and spinal membrane) which caused by infection. by bacteria, viruses, rickettsiae, or protozoa, which can occur acute and chronic. Meningitis is divided into two groups based on the change in the cerebrospinal fluid, namely: the serous meningitis and purulent meningitis.

Medical Treatment and Therapy of Tetanus

Three things to do in medical treatment and therapy of tetanus, there are:
1. Provide supportive care until tetanospasmin which binding with tissue, has been metabolized
2. Neutralize toxins in the circulatory system
3. Eliminating sources of tetanospasmin.

Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis of Tetanus

DIAGNOSIS
Diagnosis is based on clinical findings and a history of immunization:
1. A history of the contaminated wound, but 20% can be no history of injury.
2. History is not immunized or incomplete immunization
3. Trismus, dysphagia, rhisus sardonicus, stiffness in the neck, back, and abdominal muscles (opisthotonos), pain and anxiety.
4. In the early neonatal tetanus complaint form can not suck
5. Episodic generalized seizures triggered by minimal stimuli and spontaneous where consciousness remains good.

Clinical Manifestations of Tetanus

       Clinical manifestations of tetanus varies from local muscle rigidity, trismus up strong spasms. Period until the onset of the initial symptoms of tetanus spasms known onset of disease, which affects the prognostic.